A captive portal sits between a newly connected client and normal internet access. The network gives the client local addressing, detects or redirects an unauthenticated web request, presents payment/login/session controls, then authorizes traffic according to the controller’s policy.
Explain WPS enrollment, its convenience and why PIN mode received security criticism.
Explain DNS updates, caching and reachability separately.
Explain automatic NAT mappings and the local trust model neutrally.
Explain why latency can spike under load and how shaping/queue management differs from simple priority labels.
Teach useful segmentation concepts without assuming enterprise-switch experience.
Explain Layer-2 addressing and why modern privacy features make MAC-based identity imperfect.
Explain why one network name can appear through many radios and MAC-like identifiers.
Compare Wi-Fi generations by spectrum/features and realistic upgrade impact instead of maximum marketing rate.
Digital-payment support is platform/integration specific. Verify the vending platform’s supported provider or API/QR workflow and test settlement before advertising GCash/Maya acceptance.